A paraphrase expresses the essential information from a source but does so in your own words. This technique will help you reduce the amount of directly quoted material in your text (avoid the "cut and paste"), and it will help you build consistency in the presentation of ideas in your document. Paraphrasing does not mean that you can simply change a few words, reverse word order, or provide synonyms. An effective paraphrase represents the information in a manner that is consistent with your style of writing and demonstrates your full grasp of the material.

To create an effectively written paraphrase, follow these steps:

1. Read, reread, digest, and reread the original passage to gain a full and complete understanding of the information presented.

2. Distance yourself from the original. If you have to, turn over the paper or close the book from which you are citing. This will force you to come to terms with the information by using your own words. [Keeping the text in your line of vision will invariably tempt you to look at the words used by the author and use them as your own. This is not an effective method.]

3. Write on the top of your note paper a few key words or phrases that will help you organize your thinking. Write the passage.

4. Compare your paraphrase with the original for accuracy in information presented. Be sure that your words indicate the exact message that the author conveys.

5. Check your paper for words or phrases that have been borrowed. Sometimes, our understanding of a text or passage derives from the fact that we memorize key words or phrases from the text that have meaning for us. Invariably, if this occurs, you will use those terms in your paraphrase. If you must use words from the original because the phrases or terms are extraordinary or unique to your work, place those words or phrases in quotation marks and follow the rules for citing information in direct quotes.

6. Place the appropriate citation at the end of the paraphrase: author and date of publication.